Fundamental Physics in Nuclear Science

Fundamental Physics in Nuclear Science

By: Miles Pelton, April 2014

            This is an effort to explain nuclear science in Fundamental Physics terms. This is not a science paper. The only thing new or different from documented science is the perspective regarding the source of energy involved. Fundamental Physics recognizes that the atoms of which all matter is made are assemblies of protons and neutrons that are assemblies of Elementary Particles, a composite assembly of three quantum energy charges through which the energy that powers creation (matter) is supplied. Current science alleges that the energy of which matter is made is derived from the matter, which is not an explanation. Also, Fundamental Physics recognizes protons have a key role in the formation and behavior of matter. Functions that are left unexplained by current science.

             Simply; Fundamental Physics recognizes and explains that the energy that drives the formation of matter is sustained in and then distributed by absolutely identical Elementary Particles. Also that, the energy carried by Elementary Particles is transformed into photons by the behavior of protons where the energy intensity of photons varies as the number of protons contributing to their assembly varies. A single proton assembly produces photons with an intensity if 1,836 units (quanta) of Elementary Particle strength. A helium atom produces photons with a 2 X 1,836 or 2,672 quanta intensity and a uranium 236 atom produces photons with a 168,912 quanta intensity. (That is the energy center of protons and assemblies of protons has an energy intensity as stated. The energy applied to a specific bond in an atom varies in quantum increments with distance from the center.)

            The accompanying illustrations (courtesy Wikipedia) show what happens to an atom in fusion and fission reactions. In the fission reaction a neutron is forced to penetrate the uranium 235 atom and transforms to a proton changing uranium 235 to 236 which is not a stable assembly and the nucleus assembly slits into two atoms that are stable. As a consequence three neutrons are released along with the energy that formed the bonds that held the U236 nucleus together plus the energy that formed the bonds that held the three neutrons in the U236 nucleus. The energy released is the form of photons whose intensity was set by the intensity of U236 proton energy center adjusted for distance from the center. (Calculating the number of bonds broken in even just one uranium atom requires a little higher math. In a nucleus each proton bonds with every other proton, which bonds break when the atom splits. Bonds formed by gravitational attraction are not involved, they don’t break they just fade away.)

            In the fusion reaction atoms of hydrogen deuterium (one proton and one neutron) and hydrogen tritium (one proton and two neutrons are confined in the core of a heat producing device (a reactor or an atomic bomb). Exposed to extreme heat the hydrogen atoms expand and the bonds between protons and neutrons are broken releasing the bonding energy (photons) that add to the heat. Contained by the pressure inside a reactor or an atom bomb, the protons and neutrons self-assemble to form helium atoms that are extremely stable, they can withstand high temperature. However; with the heat of the failing hydrogen bonds adding to the initiating heat, the helium atoms fail releasing even more high intensity photons that rupture to release heat producing energy. Therefore the heat and consequential expansion of a fusion reaction includes the initiating heat plus the heat energy released by the breakdown of the hydrogen atoms plus the heat energy released by the fission of the helium atoms. If you followed closely it is seen that the act of fusion (the assembly of the protons and neutrons, freed by the initial heating, into helium atoms, did not release heat but that reaction did in fact require the expenditure of energy.

            Now for the rest of the story. Recognize that in the fission reaction bonds broke to release energy to create the heat to begin the reaction. That energy was expended, dissipated, not conserved yet the protons and neutrons remained viable, their energy intensity was sustained. In the fusion reaction the process is more obvious. After their bonds were broken and the energy that formed the bonds released, expended, the protons and neutrons remained viable to the extent they were able to form new high intensity helium bonds. Where did that continuing supply of energy in the form of photons needed to bond, come from? Not from the heat because heat is destructive and is expended to create expansion. Remember? Photons are created by protons using the energy supplied through Elementary Particles.

            Now, and this is why physicists in general are anti-creation, where does the energy come from that keeps Elementary Particles charged?  Since current science fails to explain, that may never be known. However, it is more plausible that energy known as Cosmic Background Radiation is the mechanism that keeps Elementary Particles charged, than to accept it is heat or radiation residue of the “big-bang”.

With Out Gravity

With Out Gravity

By: Miles Pelton, Mar. 2014

Photo courtesy NASA

            The accompanying photograph was presented by NASA to illustrate the effect of zero gravity on the flame of a candle. However, the effect illustrated is not because of gravity’s effect on the candle flame but rather gravity’s effect on the atmosphere in which the candle burns. Obviously the effect is significant so the question is “what happens”.

          Consideration for the fundamental physics involved reveals the cause for the pictured reaction.  Begin by recognizing that the flame of the candle is the energy that produces illumination that when concentrated near the source of released photons, is seen as a glow. Photons are carriers of the energy that produces illumination in addition to the energy forms that produce heat. The energy carried by photons is deposited upon matter that is impacted by radiating photons. The glow of a light (illumination) is produced because we see the fundamental energy that produces illumination. The deposited heat energy causes weakening of the force that binds the molecules and atoms of which matter is made resulting in reduced density, which means reduction in reaction to the force of gravity.

             The photo on the right shows the effect on a candle burning in an atmosphere produced in a pressurized container (the space lab) rather than by gravity. The photo on the left shows the effect when the candle is burning in the oxygen rich atmosphere created by earth’s gravitational attraction where the density varies as the atmospheric pressure varies. Recognize that the combustion responsible for this reaction is releasing photons, some of which impact and release the energy they carry upon the molecules of the surrounding air. The energy that causes the illumination existing in concentration is seen as a glow. The heat producing energy causes expansion of the heated air molecules upon which the energy is deposited. In an atmosphere under the influence of gravity the heated less dense air molecules rise to a less dense atmospheric pressure and the rising heat configures as revealed by the glow of the candle in the left photo. Since the “atmosphere” in the NASA space station is manufactured pressurization and not created by gravity, there is no pressure stratification and the heated atmosphere just “hangs out” around the candle wick.

            The difference in flame color, intensity and size of the space lab photo is because the demonstration was conducted in a low or no oxygen atmosphere. Combustion in the presence of oxygen causes oxygen molecules to fragment, which adds to the energy released as photons as a product of combustion, which adds to the intensity of the combustion reaction and the concentration of the glow, which accounts for the color, intensity and size[MP1]  of the flame produced.

            These photos demonstrate that the glow of a candle or a star DOES NOT react to gravity but rather dispersion of the surrounding atmosphere molecules heated by the energy carried by photons is affected. Further, since the glow of a distant star (or galaxy) is vision and not radiating photons, the fact that vision is warped by gravity means that there is a carrier of vision that is affected by gravity.

---

 [MP1]

A Defect in Mass Defect, Revised

A Defect in Mass Defect, Rev.2

By: Miles Pelton, April 2014

            The conclusions expressed herein are derived from reasoned reconsideration of documented observations of scientific studies. Principally the work of Galileo. The Leaning Tower of Pisa demonstration resulted in the conclusion that the force of gravity is in proportion to the amount of fundamental material in an object and not on the objects size, density or type material. Knowledge regarding the composition of matter was extremely limited at the time so the specific component of matter responsible for controlling the behavior of gravity was not established. It is now understood that there is a particle common and elementary to all matter and reasoned consideration drives the conclusion that particle is the common denominator that explains the conclusions drawn by Galileo with one condition. For a common denominator particle to dictate the behavior of gravity as concluded by Galileo, the power that produces gravity must be uniform in strength and must be inherent in each particle.

            Considering the conclusion that the power to produce gravity is inherent in each common denominator elementary particle (EP) drives the conclusion that every assembly of matter produces gravitational attraction of another assembly with the force applied in proportion to the number of EP in the object attracted. Also, evidence establishes that the gravitational power applied by an object is the collective sum of the power of all EP in the attracting assembly. In other words an assembly develops a center of gravity with the power to attract equal to the number of EP in the assembly but it is the individual EP of the attracted assembly that are attracted. (That interaction is shown for one direction, by the accompanying sketch.) It is by that means that power applied to attract is in proportion to the number of EP in the attracted object yet also in proportion to the number of EP in the attracting object. However; the energy intensity available at the center of gravity available to attract EP of a second object is the amount of intensity remaining after the EP of the attracting object have been bound. The force between two objects is the sum of the force in both directions.

            The amount of force applied, ergo the amount of energy intensity expended in binding a specific EP is diminished as the distance squared. For example, in a helium atom where the distance from its center of gravity to its own EP is relatively short, meaning near full intensity would be applied, little intensity remains with which to attract the EP of other objects. A helium atom’s contribution to the gravitational attraction between objects would be very little. Meanwhile, an object the size of the earth would have considerable attraction intensity remaining after self-assembly to attract external objects. Therefore, the intensity remaining after self-assembly would not be representative of the mass of the earth. Further; the “electromagnetic” binding between protons affects the spacing (distance) involved in the formation of matter and that would modify the gravitational force producing intensity of an object. Therefore, the use of gravitational or electromagnetic attraction to establish the mass of an object, especially at atomic and sub-atomic size, would not produce meaningful results. The method used in establishing the Periodic Table of the Elements is not definitively explained but is subject to question.

            The explanation given for the term “mass” as used in science is unclear although it is offered as a measure of the amount of energy contained by an object. That part of the term referred to as “rest mass” is apparently derived from the objects reaction to gravitational force by establishing the magnitude of energy required to accelerate the object but it is not clear how that is determined or how that correlates with the amount of energy the object contains. While EP contain energy the amount of energy contained and available to be released by an object is the energy employed in binding the components to make the object. In other words, EP can neither be created nor destroyed so the energy inherent in EP is not released when the object is disassembled.

            As explained, there is a relationship between the number of EP and the intensity of the objects center of gravity but the intensity, the magnitude of energy, cannot be reliably determined by measuring the gravitational force, the weight, or the electromagnetic force produced. The only definitive correlation is to the number of EP involved wherein one unit of energy intensity exists in the center of gravity of each object for each EP. However; gravitational attraction bonds cannot be broken, they just fade away with increased distance.

            The energy that produces gravitation is not released in nuclear reactions. The only energy available for release when an object is disassembled is the lines of force produced by protons, the electromagnetic force. Lines of force are lines of streaming photons and the intensity of the energy in photons varies as the number of protons that make up the assembly. One proton produces one line of force and the assembly has an intensity of 1,836 units. An atom with 12 protons has a center with 22,032 units (12 x 1,836) and the photon energy intensity varies with distance. Also, the intensity of energy in a proton center varies with temperature. Therefore, the energy released by atom destruction is the energy intensity applied to bonding plus the number of bonds broken.

            The number of bonds in just one atom can be staggering. Consider one helium atom that involves two protons and two neutrons. The three quarks of each proton each bind their own 612 EP plus each quark center of gravity binds the EP of the other two quarks. Then the center of gravity of the assembled quarks (a proton) with an intensity of 1,836 EP units, binds each of the 1,836 EP in the three quarks. Then the same thing happens with the second proton. Then the center of gravity of the helium atom with an intensity formed by the EP of two protons and two neutrons (7,344 EP units) binds each EP. Therefore, with the help of basic mathematics, a helium atom involves 1,836 bonds at 612 units of intensity, 3,672 bonds at 1,836 intensity, times two, plus 7,344 bonds at 7,344 intensity. And there is a helium atom at the core of every larger size atom. It would take a little more complex math to calculate the number bonds and intensity of the energy applied for an atom of say U-236. The number and intensity of the bonds in 50 pounds of such material is staggering with no relation to “mass”.

            The point being made is that the current term mass does not accurately define or explain the amount of energy involved in making an object or that is available for release when matter is  disassembled. It is suggested that the mass (energy) must be calculated for each element in the manner explained if the term is to serve any useful purpose. However, when recognized that the energy inherent in matter is supplied through EP that can neither be created nor destroyed and not through the conservation of energy concept where mass is believed to be created by “converting” energy and energy is believed to be created by “converting” mass, there really is no need for the term. Incidentally; the force produced by the motion of an object can be and should be calculated independent of “rest mass” since the circumstances prevailing at the point of consideration dictate the force involved. For example, a given object moving in response to the attraction of a galaxy has greater force potential than it would if moving in response to the earth’s attraction.

            Taken into context, it is time for the scientific community, especially those who profess to be interested in understanding physics, to realize that the principles (beliefs) developed based upon the conservation of energy law are make believe. Physicists are not living with reality but a fantasy land created by mathematics.